NOTES
- This essay excludes non-Jewish working mothers because they rely
primarily on relatives, not on day care centers, for care of their
children.
- Y. Ben-Porath and R. Gronau, "Jewish Mother Goes to Work: Trends
in the Labor Force Participation of Women in Israel, 1955-1980,"
Journal of Labor Economics 3 (1985), p. 311.
- A. Kirschenbaum and S. Merl, "Children and Labor Force
Activity", Israel Social Science Research 5 (1987), p. 44.
- Statistical Abstract of Israel (1988), Central Bureau of
Statistics.
- The four largest women's organizations, in order of size, are
Na'amat, WIZO, Emunah and Herut Women.
- An anomaly exists whereby the government decides how the
organizations must spend their money.
- For "welfare children," the women's organizations receive a sum
lower that the scale of tuition fees, but this is beyond the scope
of our discussion.
- Interview with Mrs. Rita Gur, head of the day care center
department of Na'amat, the women's organization which owns the
largest number of day care centers.
- The low tuition fee in the organizations' centers does not mean
low-quality care. The women's organizations send the metaplot in
their centers to professional in-service training, and, they in
fact have a good reputation among Israeli parents.
- The determining per capita income for purposes of eligibility
grading is calculated without including National Institute child
allowances and without components which are not fixed for each
month, such as vacation bonus or "thirteenth-month salary."
Furthermore, the income which determines the rate of tuition fees
beginning in September is calculated on the basis of the March
salary, paid half a year previously. Under conditions of 20 percent
annual inflation and a policy of granting cost-of-living
allowances, this, together with the other factors, has the effect
of biasing the determining income downward.
- "Work and Family: The Child Care Challenge," International
Labor Organization 7 (1988).
- A "private commodity" is a commodity whose consumption has no
external effect, that is, its consumption by one consumer does not
add to or detract from another consumer. By contrast, the
consumption of a "public commodity" by a single consumer increases
the gain of others. In other words, there are positive outward-
reaching effects in its consumption. Police service is an example
of a public commodity; someone who hires guards for his own
security adds to the security of others.
- R. Gronau, "Women's Allocation of Time and the Value of Home
Services," Israel Social Science Research 4 (1988), p. 28.
- J. High and J. Ellig, "The Private Supply of Education: Some
Historical Evidence," in T. Cowed, ed., The Theory of Market
Failure: A Critical Examination (Fairfax, Virginia: George Mason,
University Press, 1988); R.F. Seybold, Source Studies in American
Colonial Education: The Private School (New York: Arno Press,
1971), pp. 100-102, quoted in High and Ellig, "The Private
Supply...", p. 367.
- Cathy Trost, "Ohio Day Care Standars Called Success," Wall
Street Journal, April 17, 1989.
- Cathy Trost and Gerald F. Seib, "Democrats Push Bill on Funding
of Child Care", Wall Street Journal, March 16, 1989.
- R. Rector, "A Look at the 'New' ABC Bill: Restricting Parental
Choice in Child Rearing," The Heritage Foundation, Issue Bulletin,
(June 19, 1989).
- Linda Efroni, "The Social and Economic Factors Affecting Work
Outside the Home by Married Women in Israel," Master's thesis, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1973 (Hebrew).
- A. Kirschenbaum and S. Merl, "Children and Labor Force
Activity," Israel Social Science Research 5 (1987), pp. 44-57.
- Tamar Avidar, "A Deepening Alienation," Ma'ariv, July 31, 1989.
- This was not always the case. There were times when they were
dealt with by two separate ministries.
- The organizations have their own inspectors, but this is an
internal, not an external form of supervision.
